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Indian National Movement Part-1

 Shakespeare termed India the Land of Opportunities.

Hagel called India as Land of Desire. There were three trade routes to India through Caspian and Black sea, another from the Mediterranean sea, and another from Egypt via the Red Sea.

All the route was closed due to the defeat of Constantinople by Turkey.



The Portuguese:

In 1498 Vasco Da Gama reach Calicut during the reign of King Zamorin.

They Established Taxde centers in Calicut, Cochin, and cannivore.

Cochin was the Initial capital of the Portuguese but later it was replaced by Goa.

The First Portuguese Governor was Fransisco de Almedia and he introduced the Policy of Bluewater (as opposed to establishing a territorial empire in India and wanted the Portuguese should maintain supremacy on the sea and confine their activities to purely commercial transactions. This policy is known as the Bluewater policy.)

 In 1509 The Portuguese Governor Alfanso de Albuquerque The policy of Imperialism. (Portuguese Governor Afonso de Albuquerque is considered the real founder of Portuguese power. He was the first European of the Renaissance to raid the Persian Gulf.)

The Capital of Portuguese transfered from Cochin to Goa in 1530 by Nino de Cunha.The Portuguese power diminished at the end of the 16th century.

Later they started Piracy and religious intolerance.

The first Portuguese factory was established in Calicut.

Why Portuguese decline :

1. Corruption in Portuguese administration.

2. Religious Intolerance.

3. Insufficient successor after Albuquerque.

4. Rise of Dutch, French, and British.

The Dutch:

In 1595 Dutch arrived in India. They established trading depots in Surat and Cambay. Dutch lost their territory after a long rivalry with the British for 70 years. After Defeating in the Battle of Bidera in 1759 Dutch left the territory to the British and left the sub-continent.

Causes of decline :

1. Increasing Anglo-French rivalry.

2. Growing influence of Govern from the Dutch government in the internal affairs of the company.

3. Unsatisfactory behavior of Dutch.

4. Focused on affairs of the company than trade.

The English:

Originally known as Governor and company of merchants of London Trading into the East Indies. It was granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth-I on 31 December 1600.

William Hawkings was given 400 masnabders by Jahangir in 1613 and gave Farman to trade British in India. They established 1st factory in Surat in 1613.

1615 James -I sent his ambassador Thomas Roe to Jahangir. Fort St George was established in 1640 and another factory for the British opened in 1642.

1661 Bombay was received as royal dowry from Portuguese as Portuguese princess Catherine Braganza married British prince Charles-II. 

1690 JOb Charnok establish Calcuttaby accruing sutanuti, Kalikata, and GObindapur.

These 3 villages 1715 were received by hamilton in the royal Farman of Farukshiyar called the Magna Carta of Company.

The Danes:

Danish East India company was established in 1616 They established Fort Dansborg in Tranquebar in 1620.

The French:

French East India Company was formed in 1664 by Colbert In the reign of Luis XIV. They established the first factory in Surat16168 and the second factory in masulipattanam in  1669.

Fransis Martin Found pondichery in 1673. In 1742 Duplex become the Governor of Pondichery, His motive became the expansionist from the comercialism.

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Location: H527+GGV, Dharmapur, West Bengal 721516, India

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